I. Nylon 66: kukura kwakadzikama mukudiwa, chiyero chikuru chekuchinja kunze

1.1 Nylon 66: kushanda kwepamusoro, asi kwete kuzvikwanira zvigadzirwa

Nylon izita rakajairika re polyamide kana PA.Chimiro chayo chemakemikari chinoratidzwa nekuvapo kwekudzokorora mapoka emamide (- [NHCO]-) pane ketani huru yemorekuru.Kune akawanda akasiyana marudzi enylon, anogona kukamurwa kuita aliphatic PA, aliphatic-aromatic PA uye inonhuwirira PA zvinoenderana nechimiro chemonomer, iyo aliphatic PA inowanikwa zvakanyanya, inogadzirwa muhuwandu uye inoshandiswa mukushandisa kwakawanda, kunyanya. naironi 6 uye naironi makumi matanhatu nenhanhatu pakati pealifatic naironi.

Nylon ine zvakanaka-kutenderera zvivakwa, zvinosanganisira mechanical properties, heat resistance, abrasion resistance, chemical resistance and self-lubrication, uye ine low friction coefficient, imwe flame retardancy uye nyore kugadzirisa.Nekudaro, nylon zvakare ine zvayakaipira senge kunyura kwemvura yakakwira, kupisa shrinkage, nyore deformation yezvigadzirwa uye kuomerwa mukudhirowa, izvo zvinoda kugadziridzwa mukushandiswa kuvandudza kushanda kwayo kwese.

Pane matatu makuru anoshandiswa naironi: 1) shinda yenaironi yevagari vemo: inogona kusanganiswa kana kunyatsorukwa kuita zvakasiyana siyana zvekurapa uye zvakarukwa zvigadzirwa.Nylon filaments inonyanya kushandiswa muindasitiri yekuruka uye sirika, senge kuruka monofilament masokisi, elastic sirika masokisi uye mamwe marudzi ekusapfeka-anodzivirira nylon masokisi, nylon sarongs, mosquito net, nylon lace, elastic nylon outerwear, akasiyana nylon sirika kana. zvigadzirwa zvesilika zvakarukwa.Nylon staple fibers anonyanya kusanganiswa nemvere dzemakwai kana mamwe makemikari fibers kugadzira zvipfeko zvakasiyana-siyana zvekupfeka.2) Dhanda renaironi yeindasitiri: Muindasitiri, naironi inoshandiswa muhuwandu hukuru kugadzira tambo yematayi, machira eindasitiri, tambo, mabhandi ekutakurisa, matende, mambure ekuredzesa hove, nezvimwewo. Muchiuto, inonyanya kushandiswa kuparachuti nezvimwe zvigadzirwa zveparachuti.(3) Injiniya mapurasitiki: akagadzirwa kuita akasiyana zvigadzirwa kutsiva simbi, anoshandiswa zvakanyanya mumaindasitiri emotokari uye ekufambisa.Zvigadzirwa zvakajairika mapombi epombi, mashizha e fan, zvigaro zvevharuvhu, bushings, mabhengi, mapaneru akasiyana-siyana, midziyo yemagetsi emotokari, inopisa uye inotonhora mavharuvhu emhepo uye zvimwe zvikamu.

Iyo naironi inonyanya kushandiswa ndeye naironi 6 uye naironi 66, kunyangwe kuita kwavo uye nzvimbo dzekushandisa dzine kupindirana kukuru, asi kutaura, naironi 66 yakasimba, yakanaka kupfeka kuramba, kunzwa kwakapfava, kuita kurinani kwese, asi brittle, haisi nyore kuisa ruvara uye. mutengo wakakwirira kudarika nylon 6. Nylon 6 haina kusimba, yakapfava, kupfeka kushorwa kwakaipisisa kupfuura nylon 66, paunosangana nekushisa kwakadzika munguva yechando, nyore kuva brittle, mutengo unowanzova wakaderera pane nylon 66, inodhura-inoshanda.Mutengo wacho unowanzo kuderera pane wenylon 66, zvichiita kuti iwedzere kudhura.Naizvozvo, naironi 6 ine zvimwe zvakanakira munharaunda yezvipfeko zvechivanhu, uye naironi 66 ine zvimwe zvakanakira muindasitiri sirika uye engineering mapurasitiki emunda, kunyanya mutsika dzepasi penaironi 66 mumunda wemotokari, naironi 66 inogona kushandiswa mune zvakawanda zvakanyanya mamiriro. kupfuura naironi 6.

Panyaya yekugovera nemaitiro ekudiwa, naironi 6 nenaironi 66 zvakare akasiyana.Chekutanga, saizi yemusika wenaironi 6 yakakura kupfuura iyo naironi 66, paine kudiwa kuri pachena kwenylon 6 chips kuChina kunosvika 3.2 miriyoni matani muna 2018, zvichienzaniswa ne520,000 matani naironi 66. Uyezve, China nylon 6 uye kumusoro kwayo. raw material caprolactam inongozvigarira, ine mwero wekuzvigadzika wenylon 6 unosvika pamusoro pe91% uye caprolactam 93%;zvisinei, mwero wekuzvikwanisa wenaironi 66 ungori 64%, nepo kutsamira kwekunze kweiyo kumusoro kwemvura mbishi caprolactam kwakakwira se100%.Kubva pamaonero ekuchinjanisa zvinhu kubva kunze kwenyika, chiyero chekuunza kunze kwenyika mucheni yenaironi 66 indasitiri zviri pachena kuti yakakura kudarika iyo naironi 6. Chirevo ichi chinotarisa pane zvingangokonzeresa kupihwa, kudiwa uye tekinoroji yenaironi 66 uye nerukova rwayo. , adiponitrile, pane ecology yeindasitiri.

Nylon 66 inowanikwa kubva ku polycondensation yeadipic acid uye adipic diamine muchiyero che1: 1 molar.Adipic acid inowanzogadzirwa nehydrogenation ye pure benzene inoteverwa neoxidation ine nitric acid.Iyo tekinoroji yekugadzira yeadipic acid muChina yakakura uye kune yakawandisa huwandu.

Muna 2018, kudiwa kuri pachena kweadipic acid muChina kwaive 340,000 matani uye kugadzirwa kwenyika kwaive 310,000 tonnes, ine mwero wekuzvigutsa weinopfuura makumi mapfumbamwe%.Nekudaro, kugadzirwa kwemaindasitiri kwehexamethylene diamine kunenge kwakavakirwa pahydrogenation yeadiponitrile, iyo parizvino inounzwa kuChina, saka iyo nylon 66 indasitiri inonyanya kuzviisa pasi pehofori dzekunze dzeadiponitrile.Tichifunga nezve kutengeserana kuri kuuya kweadiponitrile tekinoroji, isu tinotenda kuti kuisirwa kunze kweadiponitrile kunotungamira shanduko huru muindasitiri yenylon 66 mumakore anotevera.

1.2 Nylon 66 kugovera uye kudiwa: oligopoly uye yakakwirira kutsamira kwekunze

Zviripachena kushandiswa kwenylon makumi matanhatu nenhanhatu kuChina kwaive 520,000 matani muna 520,000, achiverengera makumi maviri nenhatu muzana ekushandiswa kwepasirese.Mapurasitiki eEngineering aisvika 49%, shinda dzemumaindasitiri 34%, shinda dzevagari 13% uye mamwe maapplication 4%.Mapurasitiki einjiniya ndiwo akanyanya kudzika pasi penaironi 66, aine 47% yenaironi 66 einjiniya mapurasitiki anoshandiswa muindasitiri yemotokari, achiteverwa nemagetsi nemagetsi (28%) uye njanji yekufambisa (25%).

Mota inoramba ichive mutyairi mukuru wekudiwa kwenylon 66, nekuwedzera kutarisisa kwekuita kwemafuta uye kudzikisa kuburitswa kwemotokari kutyaira kudiwa kwemapurasitiki akareruka pamusoro pesimbi mukusarudzwa kwezvinhu nevagadziri vemotokari.Nylon 66 chinhu chakareruka chine yakanakisa kupisa zvivakwa, zvichiita kuti ive sarudzo yakakurumbira kune vanogadzira mota uye inoshandiswa mumhando dzakasiyana dzemotokari powertrain application.Airbags zvakare inzvimbo huru yekushandisa naironi 66 maindasitiri filaments.Kuwedzera kudiwa kubva kuindasitiri yemotokari kunotarisirwa kufambisa kukura kwemusika wenylon 66.

Nylon 66 inoshandiswawo mukugadzirwa kwemagetsi uye emagetsi insulating parts, precision electronic instrument components, magetsi emagetsi, rice cookers, electric hoovers, high frequency electronic food heaters, etc. Nylon 66 inewo yakanakisa kupikisa kutengesa uye inoshandiswa zvakanyanya kugadzirwa kwejunction mabhokisi, switch uye resistors.Flame retardant nylon 66 inoshandiswawo mukugadzirwa kwemenu wire clips, zvichengetedzo uye mapfundo ekutarisisa.

Railways inzvimbo yechitatu yakakura yekushandiswa kwenylon 66 engineering mapurasitiki.Girazi faibha yakasimbiswa naironi 66 yakasimba, yakareruka, isingapfeki, inoshingirira mukuora, iri nyore kuumba, yakagadziridzwa kuti iomese, mamiriro ekunze uye kudzivirira, uye iri kuramba ichishandiswa mumaindasitiri ekumhanya njanji nemametro.

Indasitiri yenylon 66 ine hunhu hwe oligopoly, ine kugadzirwa kwenylon 66 kwepasirese kwakanangidzirwa mumabhizinesi makuru senge INVISTA neShenma, saka zvipingamupinyi zvekupinda zvakati wedzerei, kunyanya muchikamu chepamusoro chezvigadzirwa zveindasitiri.Padivi rekuda, kunyangwe huwandu hwekukura kwemaindasitiri epasi rose uye eChinese machira uye emotokari huchadzikira muna 2018-2019, nekufamba kwenguva tinotenda kuti kuwedzera kwesimba rekushandisa kwevanhu uye kuwedzera kwevaridzi vemotokari yemunhu kucharamba kuchiunza. nzvimbo yakawanda yekudiwa kwemachira nemotokari.Nylon 66 inotarisirwa kuchengetedza kukura kwakadzikama mumakore mashoma anotevera, uye nekupihwa yazvino maitiro ekupa, kune yakawanda nzvimbo yekutsiva kunze kwenyika kuChina.